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despaired_despaired是什么意思
精神,身体,笛卡尔despaired_despaired是什么意思
发布时间:2019-02-08加入收藏来源:互联网点击:
目前讨论最为活跃的观点是一种被称为中心状态同一论的唯物主义的形式,据此,精神状态与大脑或中枢神经系统的某种状态完全相同。它们的相同如同闪电与电子雨阵的相同一样。在某种程序上,这一种理论得到了科学的证实,但在某种程度上,它不仅仅是一门科学,实际上它自身还囊括了各种哲学的问题。然而,事实上精神状态是内涵的,那么大脑的状态也一定是内涵的,因为精神与大脑是一体的。
This conclusion, if true, entails that the human body, and any body that has a brain or a nervous system, must have many of the features commonly attributed to minds and be organized in ways that are very complicated indeed. And the laws of explanation that cover human behavior must still take into consideration the way the organism represents its own situation, even if the representing is finally done by the brain.
如果是真的,那么这一结论就包括了人类的身体,以及具有大脑或神经系统的任何部分,就必须具有通常属于精神的并且以非常复杂的方式构成的许多特征。而解释涵盖人类行为的这些规律还必须考虑到有机体表现其自身处境的方式,即使这种表现最终是由大脑完成的。
The identity theory, of course, entails that the mind and body are inseparable, a position that will raise severe questions for those who are concerned with whether there is survival after death. The death of the body would be just the death of the mind, since body and mind are the same, but there is still conceptual room for bodily resurrection and hence for resurrection of the mind.
当然,同一论蕴含的精神与身体是不可分的,对于那些关心后是否还能生存的人来说,一种观点会提出严重的问题。身体的亡就是精神的亡,因为身体与精神是同一的,但对于身体的复活在概念上仍然是有余地的,因此对于精神的复活也是如此。
A further aspect of the identity theory lies in its therapeutic implications. Inasmuch as mental disorders would ipso facto be brain disorders, so modification of the brain would be modification of the mind. On the other hand, modification of the mind is just modification of the train, and our mode of access to the brain might in part lie through the understanding of the patient. Some room still remains for the “talking cure” of the sort variously pursued in psychoanalysis, as well as for the chemical treatment of depression and other pathologies. The identity theory is as entangled and debated a matter as everything in this subject has been form the beginning.
同一论更进一步的方面在于它治疗的影响。因为,精神障碍实际上就是大脑紊乱,因此对精神的修复就是对大脑的修复,另一方面,对精神的修复就是对大脑的修复,而我们接触大脑的方式在某种程度上是通过对病人的了解。在精神分析中追求各种不同的“谈话疗法”,以及对抑郁症和其它精神异常的化学治疗仍有某些空间。同一论作为一个被纠缠和受到争论的问题,就像这个学科中的一切那样一开始就是如此。
ARTHUR C. DANTO
Author of “Analytical Philosophy of Knowledge”
亚瑟·C. 丹托
“知识的分析哲学”作者
2021年8月2日译
(译者注:该词条位列《大美百科全书》1985年版,第19卷,第148页至151页)
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