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疑问代词和疑问副词 疑问代词和疑问副词的区别
语言,语法,语境疑问代词和疑问副词 疑问代词和疑问副词的区别
发布时间:2020-12-06加入收藏来源:互联网点击:
语篇型语法填空题虽然是一种以考查考生综合语言运用能力为主的题型,但是,它却涵盖许多微技能的训练。例如:单句层次上的语法基础知识的学习与理解;学生的过程写作训练;语篇阅读理解中的精细阅读理解能力的培养等。在日常教学中,教师要树立语篇教学观,加强对学生的语篇阅读相关的微技能训练,以强化其精细阅读能力的培养。例如:分析语篇的主旨要义、题材与体裁、写作意图与评价、语境分析与判断、相关内容的衔接与连贯、推理与判断、词汇衔接(重复、同义、近义、反义、上义和下义、搭配、主题词汇、词汇链等)、语法衔接(时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词、单词词、名词单复数、代词、冠词、连接词、简单句、并列句、复合句等),以及在上下文语境中如何保持衔接与连贯,如何体现语言的交际功能。如果能进行相应的训练,学生不仅能提高阅读理解能力,同时又能提高在语篇中对语法基础知识的灵活运用,培养在语篇中学习语法、感受语法、运用语法的敏感,从而实现交际目的。
下面以英语科高考全国卷(II)2007年B篇阅读理解题为例,试分析语篇型语法填空题的微技能训练,以供广大高中英语教师相互交流与切磋。
(附原文)
Some people have the feeling that nothing can be done about their poor reading ability. They feel hopeless about it. Can you learn to read better, or must you agree that nothing can be done about it?
To be sure, people are different. You cannot expect to do everything as well as certain other people do. If all the students in a class tried out for basketball, some would be very good players; others would be very poor; and many would be in between. But even the very poor players can become much better players if they are guided in the right way, and with plenty of practice. It is the same with reading. Some seem to enjoy reading and to read well without any special help. Others find reading a slow and tiring job. In between, there are all degrees of reading ability.
Many experiments have shown that just about every poor reader can improve his reading ability. In these experiments, the poor readers were given tests of reading ability. After some of the causes of their poor reading were discovered, they were given special instruction and practice in reading. After a few months, another test of the same kind was given. In nearly all cases, these people have raised their reading scores.
(注:题材选自2007年全国卷(II)高考英语阅读理解B篇。后面试题为笔者原创)
(一)文章的宏观结构
1. 体裁
本文是事理说明文。作者按照逻辑思维组织思想,运用假设、比拟、实验的方式来说明事理,表达观点。
2. 题材
本语篇主要介绍阅读能力与阅读训练。
3. 写作手法
(1)采用演绎的写作手法,显示概括的开头,即对要在文章中说明的人或事先作概括的介绍:Some people have the feeling that nothing can be done about their poor reading ability.(为开头)
(2)根据开头的概括,作者提出了两种观点:Can you learn to read better, or must you agree that nothing can be done about it?
(3)作者先提出“people are different”观点,然后以某班足球队员为例来说明这一观点。If all the students in a class tried out for basketball, some would be very good players; others would be very poor; and many would be in between. But even the very poor players can become much better players if they are guided in the right way, and with plenty of practice.
(4)作者通过某班足球队员的事例引出自己的观点:It is the same with reading.
(5)作者进一步阐述或者解释观点:Some seem to enjoy reading and to read well without any special help. Others find reading a slow and tiring job. In between, there are all degrees of reading ability.
(6)作者采用演绎手法得出概括的结论:Many experiments have shown that just about every poor reader can improve his reading ability.
(7)作者对结论进行详述:In these experiments, the poor readers were given tests of reading ability. After some of the causes of their poor reading were discovered, they were given special instruction and practice in reading. After a few months, another test of the same kind was given.
(8)作者采用首尾呼应,画龙点睛的结尾方式,巧妙地回答了第一段开头所提出的第一种观点的问题:In nearly all cases, these people raised their reading scores.
(既然是 ... raised their reading scores ... ,就能 ... learn to read better ... )
(二)文章的微观结构
1. 词汇衔接
(1)表重复的词汇有:reading ability, nothing can be done about, would be players, poor, in between, experiments, poor reader, tests of, were / was given, after
(2)表搭配的词汇有:
围绕“read”展开的词汇搭配有:poor reading ability, read better, enjoy reading, it is the same with reading, read well, poor reader, improve one’s reading ability, tests of reading ability, instruction and practice in reading, raise one’s reading scores, find reading a slow and tiring job
围绕“play”展开的词汇搭配有:good players, poor players, better players
围绕“after”展开的词汇搭配或者句子有:After some of the causes of their poor reading were discovered ..., After a few months ...
(3)固定搭配及句型有:to be sure, try out for ..., in between, be guided in the right way, plenty of, it is the same with ..., enjoy reading, there are ..., just about, tests of, reading ability, be given ..., in reading, in all cases, raise
one’s scores
(4)表近义的词汇有:be guided in the right way, and with plenty of practice相当于be given special instruction and practice; just about相当于nearly
(5)表反义的词汇有:with plenty of practice与 without any special help; Some seem to enjoy reading and to read well without any special help. 与 Others find reading a slow and tiring job.
2. 省略衔接
You cannot expect to do everything as well as certain other people do.中,do 相当于do everything well;If all the students in a class tried out for basketball, some would be very good players; others would be very poor; and many would be in between.中poor相当于 poor players;many相当于many students
3. 指称衔接
Some people have the feeling that nothing can be done about their poor reading ability. They feel hopeless about it. Can you learn to read better, or must you agree that nothing can be done about it? 中,两个“it”都是前指,代替上文提到的“their poor reading ability”;
But even the very poor players can become much better players if they are guided in the right way, and with plenty of practice.中“they”表前指,代替上文提到的“the very poor players”;
After some of the causes of their poor reading were discovered, they were given special instruction and practice in reading.中“they”表前指,代替上文提到的“the poor readers”。
(三)语篇所涉及的组织修辞手段
1. Can you learn to read better, or must you agree that nothing can be done about it? 该句采用了选择设问的组织修辞手段,三个情态动词体现交互式的功能。
2. To be sure, people are different. (So) You cannot expect to do everything as well as certain other people do. 该句采用了隐形的因果组织修辞手段。
3. If all the students in a class tried out for basketball, some would be very good players; others would be very poor; and many would be in between. 该句采用了假定的组织修辞手段,体现语篇的举例功能。
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