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yihuajiemu(被遗忘的银发)
中国,老年人,社会yihuajiemu(被遗忘的银发)
发布时间：2020-12-06加入收藏来源：互联网点击：
中国有多少老龄人口？
China's official data shows that there were 254 million people aged 60 or over at the end of 2019, accounting for 18.1 percent of the total population, while over 60 percent of them are in rural areas and about 30.77 percent of them live alone.
过去几十年，中国大量的中青年劳动力从农村涌入城市，为快速城镇化进程添砖加瓦。
然而在这个故事背后，还有另一个隐藏的故事：那些未能同去城市“乘风破浪”的老年人，被留在了农村。他们该由谁来照顾？这已经成为了政府最关注的民生议题之一。
民政部政策研究中心主任王杰秀指出，许多农村家庭由于受收入水平制约，照料老年人的能力非常有限。与此同时，农村老人享受的社会资源及养老服务，如养老金、医疗保险和护理服务等等，都严重不足。
As a large number of rural young and middle-aged laborers flood into cities amid China's rapid mass urbanization, the question of who is going to care for the elderly left in rural regions was highlighted in the government's agenda.
In rural areas, family members' capability of taking care of aged people is very weak as they don't have enough money. And pension, medical care, and nursing services in rural areas are far from sufficient, which is a severe test for the Chinese government, Wang Jiexiu, director of the Policy Research Center of the Ministry of Civil Affairs told reporters.
大规模的城乡人口流动伴随着高速经济发展而来，让中国传统家庭结构发生了变化，也让延续了数千年的“养儿防老”养老模式受到了巨大冲击，家庭养老功能不断弱化。
自80年代开始的独生子女计划生育政策虽然已经成为历史，但随着第一代独生子女的父母步入老年，这一政策带来的巨大养老压力也渐渐凸显：中国老年人口抚养系数已达38.1%，即每百名劳动年龄人口至少需抚养38位老人，每两名多劳动力就要抚养一名老人。而那些被遗留在农村的“空巢老人”，该如何抚养，更是让人头疼。
上海金融与法律研究院研究员聂日明分析道，虽然许多农村家庭不止一个孩子，但这些成年子女大部分都会离开他们的父母，移居城市。由于不同地区的医保系统都是独立运行，许多离开了户口地的老年人就失去了医保支持——没有医保，照料父母的压力对于子女来说就太重了，所以这些老年人并不会选择离开农村。
除此之外，农村老年人没有养老金也是十分严重的问题。没有社会保障作为依托的老年人，待到失去劳动能力的时候，只能被迫陷入贫困。
Traditionally, it's children who are responsible for their aged parents. However, during the past decades, the change in family structure and population movement have posed severe challenges to this.
Due to the "one-child" policy in the 1980s, the pressure on working adults to take care of the aging population has intensified, with the dependency rate (ratio of older people to younger people) increased to 38 percent. This means 2.6 working adults have to take care of one elder in the country. But as the young move to the cities in hoards, their parents are often left behind in their rural homes, with numerous seniors living alone.
"Many senior people in rural areas have as many as two kids and their children will leave them, moving into cities. But many of the elders can't move to the city with their children as the current medical care system in different places work independently. Without medical care in the city, the burden of nursing their parents will be really heavy for the children. Besides, these seniors of rural areas don't have pensions, either. These are all very grave problems," said Nie Riming, a researcher at the Shanghai Institute of Finance and Law.
农村老龄化也给中国的农业生产发展带来了很大的负面影响。
据报道，中国从事农业生产活动的劳动力人均年龄已超过50岁。老年人的体力和接受新知识的能力都越来越弱，不仅导致了土地大量荒芜，也阻碍了农业的技术革新和现代化发展。
The phenomenon, according to experts, has not only forced many into poverty when they lose their ability to work, it has also impacted China's agriculture negatively.
It's reported that the average age of laborers engaged in agricultural production in China is over 50 years old, which has resulted in increased abandonment of farmlands and declining agricultural productivity. Besides, these elder farmers' capability of acquiring knowledge of new technologies and new instruments is very limited, which will hinder the upgrade and development of the agricultural industry.
中国发展基金会发布报告预测，到2022年左右，中国65岁以上人口将占到总人口的14%，由老龄化社会进入老龄社会。（根据联合国的划分标准，当一国60岁及以上人口比例超过10%或者65岁及以上人口比例超过7%，则认为该国进入“老龄化”社会；当这两个指标翻番的时候，则认为该国进入“老龄”社会，也可以说是“中度老龄化”社会。）与其他发达国家相比，中国的老龄化速度可谓相当惊人。
以法国和瑞典为例，这两个最早进入老龄社会的发达国家，分别花了115年和85年完成了从老龄化社会到老龄社会的转变，而中国完成这一转变仅仅花了22年。
发达国家进入老龄化社会时，人均国民生产总值（GNP）一般都在5000~10000美元以上，而我国开始人口老龄化时人均GNP刚超过1000美元。这意味着中国人，尤其是中国的农村人口，已是“未富先老”。
解决中国农村面临的养老问题，任重而道远。
Official data predicted that in 2022, China will enter an "aged society," in which the proportion of the aged population exceeds 14 percent. Compared with other developed countries, the aging speed of China is on a fast track.
It took France and Sweden – the earliest developed countries to enter the aged society phase – 115 years and 85 years respectively to reach this mark, while it's only taken China 22 years to transit from an "aging society" (the proportion of aged population exceeds seven percent) to an "aged society."
Zhu Xiaolian, associate researcher at Development Research Center of the State Council said that when developed countries entered the aging society, the per capita GNP reached 5,000-10,000 U.S. dollars, while the per capita GNP of China stood at less than 1,000 U.S. dollars when China entered the aging society in 1999, which means Chinese, especially the population in rural areas get old far before they get rich.
"Everyone especially policy makers should bear in mind that we're all on the road of turning old. So in the following five to 15 years, officials should take this problem into their top-level policy making and put more financial support and resources into rural areas to safeguard their happiness and sense of security," said Lu Huajie, Professor of Sociology in Peking University, adding the government should change their traditional mindset of "valuing cities over rural areas" in the pension system.
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